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1. Exempted Category Meaning In Hindi
2. Category Meaning In Hindi
3. Exempted Meaning Hindi

1. Certain categories of information may permissibly be exempted from the rule of disclosure. You can hardly name a language, not to mention a country whose writers are exempted from this trend. In reply to a question, George said that it was his personal view that land owned by the churches should not be exempted from a land-value tax.
2. Exempt /verb/ রেহাই বা অব্যাহতি দেওয়া. Next: exemptedPrevious: exemplify. Bangla Academy Dictionary. Browse words by category.

Fresh ginger and fresh turmeric other than in processed form exempted. * Cereals – Exemption on all goods. Cities Mamata calls BJP anti-Bengali.

Bankura district (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an administrative unit in the Indianstate of West Bengal. It is part of Medinipur division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. Bankura district is surrounded by Purba Bardhaman district and Paschim Bardhaman district in the north, Purulia district in the west, Jhargram district and Paschim Medinipur district in the south, and some part of Hooghly district in the east. Damodar River flows in the northern part of Bankura district and separates it with the major part of Burdwan district. ^[2] The district head quarter is located in Bankura town.

The district has been described as the 'connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.' The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains while to the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks.^[3]

Centre of the historic Mallabhum (Malla Kingdom) of western Bengal, Bankura and its surrounding regions are identified with its historical and cultural significance for the later Middle Ages. Vaishnavism, which gained the status of state religion in the Malla Kingdom in the seventeenth century, shaped the culture of the region. The Malla Kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company in 1765 and the modern Bankura district took its form in 1881 and was named after its headquarters.

• 2History
• 3Geography
• 5Divisions
• 7Culture

Etymology[edit]

There are few accepted opinions about the etymology of the word Bankura. In the language of the Kol-Mundas, orah or rah means habitation. Banku means extremely beautiful. It may also have come from the word banka which means zig-zag. One of the most influential deities in the district is Dharmathakur and he is locally called Bankura Roy.^[4] According to local tradition, the town, which is presently the headquarters of the district, was named after its founder, a chieftain named Banku Rai. Another legend has it the town was named after Bir Bankura, one of the twenty-two sons of Bir Hambir, the Raja of Bishnupur. He divided his kingdom into twenty-two tarafs or circles and gave one to each son. Taraf Jaybelia fell to the lot of Bir Bankura. He developed the town that now bears the name Bankura. It has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of the word Bankunda, meaning five tanks. The name Bacoonda is found in old official records.^[3]

History[edit]

The earliest signs of human habitation in the area are at Dihar—by about 1000 BC chalcolithic people had settled on the north bank of the Dwarakeswar.^[5] Bankura district was inhabited by various Proto-Australoid and a few Proto-Dravidian tribes in later pre-historic times as well as Aryanised or assimilated with the people and culture of the Proto-Indo-European group, who prevailed in northern India, substantially later than rest of Bengal. These developments took place over many centuries through both conflict and cordiality.^{[citation needed]}

The district was part of Rarh in ancient times. In the old Jain book Acaranga Sutra (around 4th century) there is mention of Sumha and Ladha (Rarh?) and there too the reference is to an area inhabited by uncivilised and barbaric people.^[6][7]

In the fourth century, Susunia edicts record in Prakrit and Sanskrit that Chandravarman, son of Simhavarman, was the ruler of Pushkarana (modern Pakhanna in Bankura district).^[8] According to the inscription on the Allahabad pillar, Chandravarman was defeated by Samudragupta and the area became a part of the Gupta Empire.^[9] The area was for many years part of Dandabhukti and Bardhamanbhukti.^[10]

Many historians opine that assimilation with Proto-Indo-Europeans took place first in northern and eastern Bengal and then in western Bengal. This has also been the broad course of the spread of Buddhism and Jainism in Bengal. There is ample evidence of pre-eminence of Aryan religion and culture in West Bengal from around the sixth century.^[6]

Bishnupur kingdom[edit]

From around the seventh century until around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur.^[11] The area around Bishnupur was called Mallabhum. At its farthest extent Bishnupur kingdom stretched from Damin-i-koh in Santhal Parganas to Midnapore and included parts of Bardhaman and Chota Nagpur. Smaller kingdoms of aboriginal tribes, such as Dhalbhum, Tungbhum, Samantabhum and Varahabhumi or Varabhumi were gradually subdued and overshadowed by the Malla kings of Bishnupur.^[11]

Adi Malla (born 695 AD), the founder of the Malla dynasty, ruled in Laugram, 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) from Kotulpur, for 33 years. When he was 15 years old he had no equal as a wrestler in the territory all around. It was this that earned him the sobriquet of Adi Malla, the original or unique wrestler. He was also known as Bagdi Raja and was succeeded by his son, Jay Malla, who extended his domains and shifted his capital to Bishnupur. The subsequent kings steadily extended their kingdom. Among the more renowned are: Kalu Malla, Kau Malla, Jhau Malla, and Sur Malla.

Vaishnavism[edit]

Bir Hambir, the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 and ruled in the 16th-17th century, was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor Akbar. He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians. He paid an annual tribute to the Muslim viceroys of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty. He was converted to Vaishnavism by Srinivasa and introduced the worship of Madan Mohan in Bishnupur.^[11]

Raghunath Singh, who followed Bir Hambir, was the first Bishnupur Raja to use the Kshatriya title Singh. With exquisite palaces and temples built during the period that followed Bishnupur was reputed to be the most renowned city in the world, more beautiful than the house of Indra in heaven. However, it has also been recorded that while these royal patrons of Hindu art and religion were busy building temples they had lost much of their independence and sunk to the position of tributary princes. Bir Singh walled up alive all his sons, eighteen in number. The youngest, Durjan, alone escaped, having been kept in hiding by the servants. The status of the Raja of Bishnupur was that of a tributary prince, exempted from personal attendance at the court at Murshidabad, and represented there by a resident.^[11]

Maratha raids[edit]

The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the Maharaja of Burdwan seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the Maratha invasions laid waste their country. In 1742, when the Marathas, under Bhaskar Rao, attacked Bishnupur, the troops put up a spirited defence but then Gopal Singh retreated within the fort and ordered the troops and citizens to pray to Madan Mohan to save the city. It is believed that Madan Mohan responded and the cannons were fired without human assistance. The truth probably is that the Maratha cavalry were unable to pierce the strong fortifications and retired. While they failed to take the fort and pillage the treasury, the Marathas harried the less protected parts of the kingdom. Intrigue and litigation that followed ruined the Bishnupur Raj family and eventually in 1806, the estate was sold for arrears of land revenue and bought up by the Maharaja of Burdwan.^[11]

British administration[edit]

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. The Marathas had laid the country waste and famine of 1770 completed the misery of the kingdom. A large section of the population was swept away, cultivation fell, and lawlessness spread. The once powerful king had been reduced to the status of a mere zamindar. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with Birbhum to form a separate administrative unit, the headquarters was shifted to Suri, and a rebellious situation prevailed. Bankura continued to be one district with Birbhum till 1793, when it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate.^[11]

Towards the end of the 18th century, certain portions of the district around Raipur was affected by the Chuar rebellion. At the time Bankura appears to have been part of Jungle Mahals. The disturbances of the Chuars in 1832 in the western part of the district lead to the disbandment of the Jungle Mahals in 1833. Bishnupur was transferred to Burdwan. In 1872, the parganas of Sonamukhi, Indas, Kotulpur, Shergarh and Senpahari were transferred from Manbhum to Burdwan. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.^[11]

Post-independence[edit]

The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.^[12]

Geography[edit]

Exempted Category Meaning In Hindi

Bankura district is a part of Medinipur division. It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of 6,882 square kilometres (2,657 sq mi). On the north and north-east the district is bounded by Bardhaman district, from which it is separated mostly by the Damodar River. On the south-east it is bounded by Hooghly district, on the south by Paschim Medinipur district and on the west by Purulia district.^[3][13][14]Bankura district has been described as the 'connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.' The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles.^[3]

The western part of the district has poor, ferruginous soil and hard beds of laterite with scrub jungles and sal woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During the long dry season large extents of red soil with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.^[3]

The Gondwana system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to the Raniganj system.^[3]

Hills[edit]

The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – Biharinath and Susunia. While the former rises to a height of 448 metres (1,470 ft), the latter attains a height of 440 metres (1,440 ft).^[3]

Rivers[edit]

The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in the hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry. The principal rivers are: Damodar, Dwarakeswar, Shilabati, Kangsabati, Sali, Gandheswari, Kukhra, Birai, Jaypanda and Bhairabbanki. There are some small waterfalls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of the Kangsabati in the Raipur area.^[3]

Kangsabati Project was started during the second five-year plan period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of 10,098 metres (33,130 ft) and a height of 38 metres (125 ft).^[15]

Climate[edit]

The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, hot westerly winds prevail, the thermometer in the shade rising to around 45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant. The total average rainfall is 1,400 millimetres (55 in), the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September. Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below 27 °C (81 °F) in December.^[3]

Economy[edit]

Bankura is economically underdeveloped and is mostly dependent on agriculture. Almost 70% of the district's income is generated through agriculture where 80% of the farmers are small & marginal in nature. Bankura is one of the most draught prone district of West Bengal. However due to protective irrigation system, land reforms and use of high fertile & hybrid crops the economic condition of the district has improved. Also, cottage and small-scale industries, such as Stone-crushing, Weaving, Oilseed-crushing, handicraft units like Dokra, Terra-cotta, Baluchari Sari play a key economic role in district. ^[16]

In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Bankura one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).^[17] It is one of the nineteen districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).^[17]

Divisions[edit]

Administrative divisions[edit]

The district comprises three subdivisions: Bankura Sadar, Khatra and Bishnupur. Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of Bankura municipality and eight community development blocks: Bankura I, Bankura II, Barjora, Chhatna, Gangajalghati, Mejia, Onda and Saltora. Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur, Khatra, Hirbandh, Raipur, Sarenga, Ranibandh, Simlapal and Taldangra. Bishnupur subdivision consists of Bishnupur and Sonamukhi municipalities and six community development blocks: Indas, Joypur, Patrasayer, Kotulpur, Sonamukhi and Bankura.^[18]

Bankura is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 gram panchayats and 5187 villages in this district.^[18][19]

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 census towns.^[19][20]

Bankura district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions: ^[21]

Assembly constituencies[edit]

The district is divided into 13 assembly constituencies (assembly constituency numbers in brackets):^[22]Taldangra (244), Raipur (ST) (245), Ranibandh (ST) (246), Indpur (SC) (247), Chhatna (248), Gangajalghati (SC) (249), Barjora (250), Bankura (251), Onda (252), Vishnupur (253), Kotulpur (254), Indas (SC) (255) and Sonamukhi (SC) (256).

Raipur and Ranibandh constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Indpur, Gangajalghati, Indas and Sonamukhi constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Taldangra, Raipur, Ranibandh, Indpur, Vishnupur, Kotulpur and Indas constituencies are part of Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency), which is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC). Chhatna, Bankura and Onda are assembly segments of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains four assembly segments from Purulia district. Gangajalghati, Barjora and Sonamukhi constituencies are part of Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains four assembly segments from Bardhaman district.

As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district will be divided into 12 assembly constituencies (assembly constituency numbers in brackets):^[23]Saltora (SC) (247), Chhatna (248), Ranibandh (ST) (249), Raipur (ST) (250), Taldangra (251), Bankura (252), Barjora (253), Onda (254), Bishnupur (255), Katulpur (SC) (256), Indas (SC) (257) and Sonamukhi (SC) (258).

Raipur and Ranibandh constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Saltora, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Saltora, Chhatna, Ranibandh, Raipur, Taldangra, and Bankura constituencies will be part of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency), which will also contain one assembly segment from Purulia district. Barjora, Onda, Bishnupur, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi will be assembly segments of Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains one assembly segments from Bardhaman district.

Demographics[edit]

According to the 2011 census Bankura district has a population of 3,596,292,^[24] roughly equal to the nation of Lithuania^[25] or the US state of Connecticut.^[26] This gives it a ranking of 80th in India (out of a total of 640).^[24] The district has a population density of 523 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,350/sq mi) .^[24] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.64%.^[24] Bankura has a sex ratio of 954 females for every 1000 males,^[24] and a literacy rate of 70.95%.^[24]

In the 2001 census, Bankura district had a total population of 3,191,822 of which 1,634,561 were males and 1,557,261 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 13.79% in Bankura district against 17.84% in West Bengal. The urban population was 235,264 against a rural population of 2,956,558. The district had a density of population of 464 persons per km².^[14] The district had a scheduled caste population of 1,040,297 and a scheduled tribe population of 335,047.^[27]

The first census was taken in 1872. The district as now constituted had a population of 968,597. In the 1901 census, 90.7 per cent of the population spoke a dialect of Bengali known as Rarhi Boli, which was also spoken in the adjoining districts. Santali was spoken by about 9 per cent of the population. 87.4 per cent of the population were Hindus, 8 per cent were Animists and 5.6 per cent were Muslims.^[28] Bankura has a literacy rate of 63.84 per cent.^[29]

Culture[edit]

Places of interest[edit]

Bankura is the headquarters of the district. Bishnupur (or Vishnupur) is a subdivisional town of Bankura district. It was the capital of the Mallabhum kingdom, once the most important Hindu dynasty in Bengal. This town famous for the Terracotta Temples made by the local red soils. This city often called as the 'Temple City' of Bengal.

Susunia hills and Beharinath hills are located in the district. Mukutmanipur , the second largest earthen dam in India and Sutan are tourist spots. Mejia power plant is the only thermal power plant of this district. Darakeshwar, Gandheswari and Kangsabati are the major rivers flow through the district. Jaipur forest is the only forest in the plains of Southern Bengal. Bankura Sammilani Medical College is the oldest medical college in this area.

Flora and fauna[edit]

The eastern portion of the district is a part of the rice plains of West Bengal. The land under rice cultivation contains marsh weeds of Gangetic plain. Around human habitations there are shrub species such as Glycosmis, Polyalthia suberosa, Clerodendron infortunatum, Solanum torvum, and various other species of the same genus, besides Trema, Streblus and Ficus hispida. The larger trees are papal, banyan, red cotton tree (Bombax malabaricum), mango (Mangifera indica), jiyal (Odina Wodier), Phoenix dactylifera, and Borassus flabellifer. Other plants found include Jatropha gossypifolia, Urena, Heliotropium and Sida. Forests or scrub jungles contain Wendlandia exserta, Gmelina arborea, Haldina cordifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wrightia tomentosa, Vitex negundo and Stephegyne parvifolia.^[30]

Serial numbers sage 50 2015. (maximum of 8 characters).

The western portion of the district is higher. The uplands are either bare or are covered with scrub jungle of Zizyphus and other thorny shrubs. This thorny forest gradually merges into sal (Shorea robusta) forest. Low hills are covered with Miliusa, Schleichera, Diospyros and other trees.^[30]

Some of the common trees of economic interest found in the district are Alkushi (Mucuna pruriens), amaltas (Cassia fistula), asan (Terminalia tomentosa), babul (Acacia nilotica), bair (Zizyphus jujuba), bael (Aegle marmelos), bag bherenda (Jatropha curcas), bichuti (Tragia involucrate), bahera (Terminalia belerica), dhatura (Datura stramonium), dhaman (Cordia macleoidii), gab (Diospyros embyopteris), harra (Terminalia chebula), imli (Tamarindus indica), kuchila (Strychnos nux-vomica), mahua (Bassia latifolia), palas (Butea frondosa), sajina (Moringa pterygosperma), kend (Diospyros melanoxylon), mango, date-palm, nim, papal, banyan, red cotton tree and jiyal.^[30]

Education[edit]

Bankura district had a literacy rate of 70.26% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Bankura Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 69.56%, Khatra subdivision 69.79% and Bishnupur subdivision 71.60%. ^[31]

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Bankura district for the year 2013-14. The primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.^[31]

Health care[edit]

The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Bankura district.^[32]

Transport[edit]

The major modes of Transport in Bankura is Road and Rail transport. By road, it is connected to the other districts of West Bengal. By rail, Bankura is served by the South Eastern division of Indian Railways. The existing railway track passing through the district has a direct connectivity to the important near by places like Kolkata, Asansol, Kharagpur, Ranchi, Tatanagar and Dhanbad.

References[edit]

1. ^'District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001'. Registrar General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
2. ^'Bankura District'. District Administration. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
3. ^ ^abcdefghiO’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, Bankura, Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal
4. ^'Welcome to Historical Details of Bankura'. Origin of Name. www.bankura,org. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
5. ^Das, Dipak Ranjan (2012). 'Dihar'. In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
6. ^ ^abGhosh, Binoy, Paschim Banger Sanskriti, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 60-62, pp. 328-331, Prakash Bhaban
7. ^Ray, Nihar Ranjan, Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba, (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 276-281, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti
8. ^Majumdar, R.C., History of Ancient Bengal, pp. 32, 444, Tulshi Prakashani.
9. ^Sengupta, Nitish, History of the Bengali-speaking People, p.21, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
10. ^Ghosh, Binoy, Paschim Banger Sanskriti, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 82-86, Prakash Bhaban
11. ^ ^abcdefgO’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, Bankura, Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 21-46, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal
12. ^'83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme'. IntelliBriefs. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
13. ^'Bankura, West Bengal'. Location and extent. District administration. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
14. ^ ^ab'Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District'. Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
15. ^'Sankhipta Bharatkosh'. abasar.net. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
16. ^bankura.org. 'Economy, An overview'. bankura.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
17. ^ ^abMinistry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). 'A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme'(PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
18. ^ ^ab'Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008'. West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
19. ^ ^ab'Administrative Features'. Official website of Bankura district. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
20. ^'Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001'. Bankura. Directorate of census operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
21. ^'District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura'. Table 2.2, 2.4(a). Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
22. ^'General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies'(PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
23. ^'Delimitation Commission Order No. 18'(PDF). Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
24. ^ ^abcdef'District Census 2011'. Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
25. ^US Directorate of Intelligence. 'Country Comparison:Population'. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Lithuania 3,535,547 July 2011 est.
26. ^'2010 Resident Population Data'. U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Connecticut 3,574,097
27. ^'TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total)'. Census 2001. Census Commission of India. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
28. ^O’Malley, L.S.S., pp. 48-52
29. ^'District Industrial Potential Report of Bankura (2003-04)'. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
30. ^ ^abcO’Malley, L.S.S., pp. 12-15
31. ^ ^ab'District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura'. Data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
32. ^'District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura'. Table 3.1, 3.3. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

External links[edit]

• Bankura travel guide from Wikivoyage

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) imposed in India on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive multistage, destination based tax. Comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except few. Multi-Staged as it is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer. And destination based tax, as it is collected from point of consumption and not point of origin like previous taxes.

Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax - 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. However, Petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, electricity, are not taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per the previous tax regime.^{[citation needed]} There is a special rate of 0.25% on rough precious and semi-precious stones and 3% on gold.^[1] In addition a cess of 22% or other rates on top of 28% GST applies on few items like aerated drinks, luxury cars and tobacco products.^[2] Pre-GST, the statutory tax rate for most goods was about 26.5%, Post-GST, most goods are expected to be in the 18% tax range

The tax came into effect from July 1, 2017 through the implementation of One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Indian government. The tax replaced existing multiple flowing taxes levied by the central and state governments. Contoh soal dan pembahasan fisika kelas xi semester 2.

The tax rates, rules and regulations are governed by the GST Council which consists of the finance ministers of centre and all the states. GST is meant to replace a slew of indirect taxes with a federated tax and is therefore expected to reshape the country's 2.4 trillion dollar economy, but not without criticism.^[3] Trucks' travel time in interstate movement dropped by 20%, because of no interstate check posts.^[4]

• 1History
• 2Tax
  • 2.4E-Way Bill
• 5Statistics

History[edit]

Formation[edit]

The reform of India's indirect tax regime was started in 1985 by Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Finance Minister in Rajiv Gandhi’s government, with the introduction of the Modified Value Added Tax (MODVAT). Subsequently, Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, initiated early discussions on a Value Added Tax (VAT) at the state level.^[5] A single common 'Goods and Services Tax (GST)' was proposed and given a go-ahead in 1999 during a meeting between the Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee and his economic advisory panel, which included three former RBI governors IG Patel, Bimal Jalan and C Rangarajan. Vajpayee set up a committee headed by the Finance Minister of West Bengal, Asim Dasgupta to design a GST model.^[6]

The Ravi Dasgupta committee which was also tasked with putting in place the back-end technology and logistics (later came to be known as the GST Network, or GSTN, in 2015). It later came out for rolling out a uniform taxation regime in the country. In 2002, the Vajpayee government formed a task force under Vijay Kelkar to recommend tax reforms. In 2005, the Kelkar committee recommended rolling out GST as suggested by the 12th Finance Commission.^[6]

After the defeat of the BJP-led NDA government in the 2004 Lok Sabha election and the election of a Congress-led UPA government, the new Finance Minister P Chidambaram in February 2006 continued work on the same and proposed a GST rollout by 1 April 2010. However, in 2011, with the Trinamool Congress routing CPI(M) out of power in West Bengal, Asim Dasgupta resigned as the head of the GST committee. Dasgupta admitted in an interview that 80% of the task had been done.^[6]

In the 2014 Lok Sabha election, the Bharatiya Janata Party-led NDA government was elected into power. With the consequential dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha, the GST Bill – approved by the standing committee for reintroduction – lapsed. Seven months after the formation of the then Modi government, the new Finance Minister Arun Jaitley introduced the GST Bill in the Lok Sabha, where the BJP had a majority. In February 2015, Jaitley set another deadline of 1 April 2017 to implement GST. In May 2016, the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution Amendment Bill, paving way for GST. However, the Opposition, led by the Congress, demanded that the GST Bill be again sent back for review to the Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha due to disagreements on several statements in the Bill relating to taxation. Finally in August 2016, the Amendment Bill was passed. Over the next 15 to 20 days, 18 states ratified the Constitution amendment Bill and the President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent to it.^[7][8]

A 21-member selected committee was formed to look into the proposed GST laws.^[9] After GST Council approved the Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The CGST Bill), the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The IGST Bill), the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The UTGST Bill), the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to the States) Bill 2017 (The Compensation Bill), these Bills were passed by the Lok Sabha on 29 March 2017. The Rajya Sabha passed these Bills on 6 April 2017 and were then enacted as Acts on 12 April 2017. Thereafter, State Legislatures of different States have passed respective State Goods and Services Tax Bills. After the enactment of various GST laws, Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017.^[10] The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature passed its GST act on 7 July 2017, thereby ensuring that the entire nation is brought under an unified indirect taxation system. There was to be no GST on the sale and purchase of securities. That continues to be governed by Securities Transaction Tax (STT).^[11]

Launch[edit]

The GST was launched at midnight on 1 July 2017 by the President of India, and the Government of India. The launch was marked by a historic midnight (30 June – 1 July) session of both the houses of parliament convened at the Central Hall of the Parliament. Though the session was attended by high-profile guests from the business and the entertainment industry including Ratan Tata, it was boycotted by the opposition due to the predicted problems that it was bound to lead for the middle and lower class Indians.^[12][13] It is one of the few midnight sessions that have been held by the parliament - the others being the declaration of India's independence on 15 August 1947, and the silver and golden jubilees of that occasion.^[13] After its launch, the GST rates have been modified multiple times, the latest being on 22 December 2018, where a panel of federal and state finance ministers decided to revise GST rates on 28 goods and 53 services.^[14]

Members of the Congress boycotted the GST launch altogether.^[15] They were joined by members of the Trinamool Congress, Communist Parties of India and the DMK. The parties reported that they found virtually no difference between the GST and the existing taxation system, claiming that the government was trying to merely rebrand the current taxation system.^{[citation needed]} They also argued that the GST would increase existing rates on common daily goods while reducing rates on luxury items, and affect many Indians adversely, especially the middle, lower middle and poorer income groups.^[16]

Tax[edit]

Taxes subsumed[edit]

The single GST subsumed several taxes and levies which included: central excise duty, services tax, additional customs duty, surcharges, state-level value added tax and Octroi.^[17][18] Other levies which were applicable on inter-state transportation of goods have also been done away with in GST regime.^[19][20] GST is levied on all transactions such as sale, transfer, purchase, barter, lease, or import of goods and/or services.

India adopted a dual GST model, meaning that taxation is administered by both the Union and State Governments. Transactions made within a single state are levied with Central GST (CGST) by the Central Government and State GST (SGST) by the State governments. For inter-state transactions and imported goods or services, an Integrated GST (IGST) is levied by the Central Government. GST is a consumption-based tax/destination-based tax, therefore, taxes are paid to the state where the goods or services are consumed not the state in which they were produced. IGST complicates tax collection for State Governments by disabling them from collecting the tax owed to them directly from the Central Government. Under the previous system, a state would only have to deal with a single government in order to collect tax revenue.^[21]

HSN code[edit]

HSN is an 8-digit code for identifying the applicable rate of GST on different products as per CGST rules. If a company has turnover up to ₹1.5 Crore in the preceding financial year then they need not mention the HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If a company has turnover more than ₹1.5 Crore but up to ₹5 Cr then they need to mention the first two digits of HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If turnover crosses ₹5 Cr then they shall mention the first 4 digits of HSN code on invoices.^[22]

Rate[edit]

The GST is imposed at variable rates on variable items. The rate of GST is 18% for soaps and 28% on washing detergents. GST on movie tickets is based on slabs, with 18% GST for tickets that cost less than Rs. 100 and 28% GST on tickets costing more than Rs.100 and 5% on readymade clothes.^[23] The rate on under-construction property booking is 12%.^[24] Some industries and products were exempted by the government and remain untaxed under GST, such as dairy products, products of milling industries, fresh vegetables & fruits, meat products, and other groceries and necessities.^[25]

Checkposts across the country were abolished ensuring free and fast movement of goods.^[26]

The Central Government had proposed to insulate the revenues of the States from the impact of GST, with the expectation that in due course, GST will be levied on petroleum and petroleum products. The central government had assured states of compensation for any revenue loss incurred by them from the date of GST for a period of five years. However, no concrete laws have yet been made to support such action.^[27] GST council adopted concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates.^[28]

E-Way Bill[edit]

An e-Way Bill is an electronic permit for shipping goods similar to a waybill. It was made mandatory for inter-state transport of goods from 1 June 2018. It is required to be generated for every inter-state movement of goods beyond 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and the threshold limit of ₹50,000 (US$720).^[29]

It is a paperless, technology solution and critical anti-evasion tool to check tax leakages and clamping down on trade that currently happens on a cash basis. The pilot started on 1 February 2018 but was withdrawn after glitches in the GST Network. The states are divided into four zones for rolling out in phases by end of April 2018.

A unique e-Way Bill Number (EBN) is generated either by the supplier, recipient or the transporter. The EBN can be a printout, SMS or written on invoice is valid. The GST/Tax Officers tally the e-Way Bill listed goods with goods carried with it. The mechanism is aimed at plugging loopholes like overloading, understating etc. Each e-way bill has to be matched with a GST invoice.

Transporter ID and PIN Code now compulsory from 01-Oct-2018.

It is a critical compliance related GSTN project under the GST, with a capacity to process 75 lakh e-way bills per day.

Intra-State e-Way Bill[edit]

The five states piloting this project are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh, which account for 61.8% of the inter-state e-way bills, started mandatory intrastate e-way bill from 15 April 2018 to further reduce tax evasion.^[30] It was successfully introduced in Karnataka from 1 April 2018.^[31] The intrastate e-way bill will pave the way for a seamless, nationwide single e-way bill system. Six more states Jharkhand, Bihar, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana will roll it out from 20 April 18. All states are mandated to introduce it by May 30, 2018.

Reverse Charge Mechanism[edit]

Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) is a system in GST where the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered, smaller material and service suppliers. The receiver of the goods is eligible for Input Tax Credit, while the unregistered dealer is not.

In the notification dated on 29th January 2019, the Indian government has finally implemented the RCM (reverse charge mechanism) which started from 1 February 2019 as per the GST acts and amendments. Also to note that the up to INR 5000 exemptions will be removed effectively.^[32]

Goods kept outside the GST[edit]

• Alcohol for human consumption.
• Petrol and petroleum products (GST will apply at a later date) viz. Petroleum crude, High speed diesel, Motor Spirit (petrol), Natural gas, Aviation turbine fuel.^[33]

GST Council[edit]

GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33 members.^[34] It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister. GST Council is an apex member committee to modify, reconcile or to procure any law or act or regulation based on the context of goods and services tax in India. The council is headed by the union finance minister Arun Jaitley assisted with the finance minister of all the states of India. The GST council is responsible for any revision or enactment of rule or any rate changes of the goods and services in India.

Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)[edit]

The GSTN software is developed by Infosys Technologies and the Information Technology network that provides the computing resources is maintained by the NIC. 'Goods and Services Tax' Network (GSTN) is a nonprofit organisation formed for creating a sophisticated network, accessible to stakeholders, government and taxpayers to access information from a single source (portal). The portal is accessible to the Tax authorities for tracking down every transaction, while taxpayers have the ability of connect for their tax returns.

The GSTN's authorised capital is ₹10 crore (US$1.4 million) in which initially the Central Government held 24.5 percent of shares while the state government held 24.5 percent. The remaining 51 percent were held by non-Government financial institutions, HDFC and HDFC Bank hold 20%, ICICI Bank holds 10%, NSE Strategic Investment holds 10% and LIC Housing Finance holds 11% .^[35][36]

However, later it was made a wholly owned government company having equal shares of state and central government.[1]

Statistics[edit]

Collections[edit]

Returns[edit]

Around 38 lakh new taxpayers have registered under GST regime and the total count has crossed one crore if we include the 64 lakh earlier ones.^[39] Total number of taxpayers were above 1.14 crore in October 2018.^[40]

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Criticism[edit]

Technicalities of GST implementation in India have been criticized by global financial institutions, sections of Indian media and opposition political parties in India. World Bank's 2018 version of India Development Update described India's version of GST as too complex, noticing various flaws compared to GST systems prevalent in other countries; most significantly, the second highest tax rate among a sample of 115 countries at 28%.^[41][41]

GST's implementation in India has been further criticized by Indian businessmen for problems including tax refund delays and too much documentation and administrative effort needed.^[42] According to a partner at PwC India, when the first GST returns were filed in August 2017, the system crashed under the weight of filings.^[42]

The opposition Congress party has consistently been among the most vocal opponents of GST implementation in India with party President, and leader of the opposition, Rahul Gandhi, slamming BJP for allegedly 'destroying small businessmen and industries' in the country.^[43] He went on to pejoratively dub GST as 'Gabbar Singh Tax' after an ill-famed, fictional dacoit in Bollywood films.^[43] Blaming the implementation of gst as a 'way of removing money from the pockets of the poor', Rahul has lamented it as a 'big failure'^[44] while declaring that if Congress Party is elected to power, it will implement a single slab GST instead of different slabs.^[45] In the run-up to the elections in various states of India, Rahul has intensified his 'Gabbar Singh' jibes on Modi government.^[46]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Category Meaning In Hindi

1. ^'All your queries on GST answered'. The Hindu. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
2. ^'GST: Cars, durables face 28% rate; luxury vehicles to attract 15% cess', Business Standard, 18 May 2017
3. ^'Film theatres in Tamil Nadu to begin indefinite strike against GST'. The Hindu. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
4. ^http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-impact-trucks-travel-time-in-interstate-20-says-govt-117073000276_1.html
5. ^'Looking back at 's journey: How an idea is now near reality', Indian Express, 31 March 2017
6. ^ ^abc'GST: A 17-year-old dream, 17 phases towards creating history', India Today, 29 June 2017
7. ^'Goods and Services Tax: History of India's biggest tax reform and people who made it possible', India TV, 29 June 2017
8. ^'GST: Meet the men behind India's biggest tax reform that's been in making for 17 years', India Today, 29 June 2017
9. ^Nair, Remya (8 June 2015), 'Rajya Sabha panel to hear GST concerns on 16 June', Live Mint
10. ^'GST rollout: All except J-K pass State GST legislation', The Indian Express, 22 June 2017
11. ^'GST draft makes it must for companies to pass tax benefit to costumers', The Times of India, 27 November 2016
12. ^'GST Rollout Attendees', Financial Express, 30 June 2017
13. ^ ^ab'GST launch: Times when the Parliament convened for a session at midnight', The Hindustan Times, 30 June 2017
14. ^'Latest GST Cuts: Complete List Of What Just Got Cheaper', NDTV
15. ^PTI (30 June 2017). 'GST launch divides opposition'. livemint.com/. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
16. ^'Congress To Boycott GST Launch, Arun Jaitley Suggests Broader Shoulders', NDTV, 29 June 2017
17. ^'What is GST, how is it different from now: Decoding the indirect tax regime', Business Standard, 17 April 2017
18. ^'GST may swallow all taxes but cess', Business Standard, 20 September 2016
19. ^'On Notes Ban, Firm Warning From West Bengal To Centre: GST Now At Risk', NDTV, 30 November 2016
20. ^'Finance minister Arun Jaitley may hike service tax to 16-18% in Budget', The Times of India, 30 January 2017
21. ^'GST: The illustrative guide to how transactions will take place after tax reform'. Money Control.
22. ^'Understanding HSN Codes Under GST'. Masters India.
23. ^Mehra, Puja (27 June 2017). 'GST, an old new tax'. The Hindu - Opinion. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
24. ^'What is the GST impact on real estate?', The Indian Express, 5 July 2017
25. ^'GST rollout: List of items exempted from taxation'. The Indian Express. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
26. ^'22 states scrap checkposts for smooth GST rollout', The Times of India, 4 July 2017
27. ^''States on Board, GST Launch from April '16''. newindianexpress.com.
28. ^Sikarwar, Deepshikha (9 October 2017). 'GST council adopts concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates'. The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
29. ^'Businesses, govt gear up for E-Way Bill', The Hindu Business Line, 25 January 2018
30. ^'After e-way bill, government eyes tools to check GST evasion - Times of India'. The Times of India.
31. ^http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/interstate-e-way-bill-phased-roll-out-from-april-15/1128842/
32. ^'Easy Guide to RCM Under GST'.
33. ^'After e-way bill, government eyes tools to check GST evasion'. Times of India.
34. ^'Why many registered taxpayers are not filing GST returns'. businesstoday.in.
35. ^'About Us – GSTN'. gstn.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
36. ^'GST pivot faces nationalise call'. telegraphindia.com.
37. ^ ^abcdefg'GST collection surges to over Rs 1-lakh crore in October', Business Today
38. ^'GST Collection crosses ₹94,000 Crores in December 2018'. E-Startup India. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
39. ^ ^abcdefg'Why many registered taxpayers are not filing GST returns', Business Today, 27 February 2018
40. ^'GST collection crosses ₹1 lakh crore in Oct', The Hindu Business Line, 1 November 2018
41. ^ ^abhttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/is-the-world-simpler-than-it-was-before-gst-this-jury-is-in/articleshow/64359881.cms
42. ^ ^ab'India's introduction of GST proves painful ACCA Global'. accaglobal.com.
43. ^ ^abhttps://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-says-rahul-gandhi/article19907042.ece
44. ^Bureau, Our. 'GST is Gabbar Singh Tax: Rahul'. @businessline.
45. ^''If Elected, We Will Give You GST, Not Gabbar Singh Tax': Rahul Gandhi'. NDTV.com.
46. ^''Gabbar Singh Tax' now globally acclaimed: Rahul Gandhi mocks PM Modi - Times of India'. The Times of India.

External links[edit]

Exempted Meaning Hindi